POLITICAL
PARTIES AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The existence of vibrant political
parties is indispensable for the sustenance of democracy in any polity. In
Nigeria’s first and second Republics, political parties were regionally based,
and their activities led to the collapse of those democratic experiments. This
paper explores a paramount aspect of Nigeria’s democratic political parties and
democratic development in Nigeria. The
role of various political parties in facilitating the sustenance of democracy
in the country.
The project posits
that there is a direct relationship
between the character and conduct of a country’s political parties and the
degree of democratic sustenance in that country. Basically, this project argues
that seven years into the country’s current democratic experiment, Nigeria has
scored low when placed in a similar matrix with countries that are heading
towards stable and sustainable democracy. This project is informed by the roles
political parties play in the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. Some research
questions that were posed form this are: Is democratic competition fully at
play in Nigeria’s 4th and 5th Republics? Does the structure and organization of
the political parties reflect a true democratic order? Are there any perceived
inadequacies in the political parties in Nigeria? Are opposition parties alive
to their responsibilities in the country? It was argued that the opposition
parties in Nigeria which ought to serve as alternative parties form which the
electorate should choose if they so decide have been strategically weakened
through the overt and covert strategies of the ruling People’s Democratic Party
(PDP), and the lack of total commitment on the part of politicians to the
national course. This paper ultimately argue that more than 90% of the
political parties in Nigeria are fragile entities, hence, they have only
developed shallow roots in the society, and concludes on the note that Nigerian
political parties have failed in the democratic responsibilities of aggregating
social interests, representing specific constituencies and serving as
intermediaries between state and society.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Caver Page i
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Table of Content ix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems 8
1.3 Objective of the Study 11
1.4 Research Hypothesis 12
1.5 Significance of the Study 13
1.6 Theoretical Framework 14
1.7 Research Methodology 15
1.8 Scope and Limitation of the Study 15
1.9 Clarification of Concepts 16
References
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Development of Political Parties 19
2.1 Political
Parties in the Second Republic in Nigeria 25
2.2 Political Parties in the third Republic 30
2.3 Political
Parties in the fourth Republic in Nigeria 33
2.4 The birth of all People Congress (apc) 36
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
RETROSPECTIVE
ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT AND THE RULE OF LAW
3.1 The rule of law, Democracy and Development 39
3.2 General Elections of 1964 40
3.3 Western Nigeria Election of 1965 43
3.4 General Elections of 1979 46
3.5 The Statiscal view of 1979 Election Result 49
3.6 General Elections of 1983 49
3.7 Issues in Democratization and Development in
Nigeria 52
3.8 The Presidential Election of 2011 57
Reference
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Summary
Conclusion and Recommendation 60
4.1 Summary 60
4.2 Conclusion 63
4.3 Recommendation 66
References
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Democracy and
development are undoubtedly two most contested concepts in social and political
discourse. They are influenced by history, ideology, discipline and experience.
It is common place knowledge that Nigeria has been enjoying democratic bliss
since 1999, which is indeed remarkable for many reasons: first, from military
to civilian rule after many years of military dictatorship, secondly, it
delineates the first time in the history of this country that there was a
successful transition of power from civilian to civilian administration without
military incursion even though the elections were seriously criticized for
massive irregularities.
In an unmistakable
tone, we subscribe to the view that “democracy is a government of the people by
the people and for the people” as postulated by a renowned former American
president, Abraham Lincoln. In this way, democracy can be representative and
participatory. Democracy, however establishes a social contract between the
citizens and the representatives. According to Ayim (2002) democracy is not
self fulfilling system for it contains limitations which must be addressed for
democracy to have a meaningful and positive impact on the society. To Ayim
(2002), the test of every institutions policy or programme is whether it
enhances or threatens human dignity and indeed human life itself. Also Ahmed
(2002), in a lecture presented at the third Democracy Day, refers to a
political, socio-economic framework in which every individual and every
community becomes an equal member of society, and is provided with a space of
engagement in showing destiny of the society. This implies that democracy is a
dynamic process that is expected to bring about the growth and evolution of a
society. Democracy therefore, if fairly practiced should bring about a
reduction in poverty, socio-economic empowerment and other qualitative and
quantitative indices of development of man and the society he lives in.
Despite the fact that
democracy is stabilizing in Nigeria, it is yet to be reflected in all manner of
development indicators-strict application of the rule of law, allowing the
electorates to elect their leaders, fundamental freedoms, and is full
enjoyment, reduction f unemployment and rapid industrialization. It is because
development is not progressing alongside democracy in Nigeria that induced Ake
(2001) to state that gross domestic product of the whole of Africa is less than
that of one of the smallest countries of Europe, which is Belgium for those of
us who are aware, it is an act of desperation.
Democratization does
not solely depend on the creation of the basic institution of democracy but to
a largely extent for the institutions to function. Democracy and development
co-habit and inactivity on the formal destroys the latter.
Although this project
work is really after political parties and democratic development in Nigeria in
the past and presently not too long ago from 1979 to 1999 democratic
development. It was attempt to expose some problems they have all passed
through diving their struggle and involvement in polities and democracy.
Furthermore, all this explanation is set out to know why political parties have
not been able to merge into activities of nation building. This will bring our
focus into finding out actually if Nigeria political parties are relegated to
the background or not.
This study also
examines the factors that made the political parties interested in democratic
development. This project work has also given out some ways to examine the
contention of political parties and election rigging in Nigeria. We can
therefore say that though hard work, our present and future political leaders
with be more enlightened and encouraged to make available to national calling
by being involve active in political democratic affairs of the nation. For
example there have been a lot of political parties which have at one time or
the other made itself known within the geographical area human as Nigeria in
which political parties distinguished themselves and played serious roles which
hade great impact on the nation’s
socio-political and economic life of the society to enable them attain
independence. For instance we have the contribution of political parties in the
first republic which can not be emphasized.
These political parties are:-
The Nigeria National Democratic Party (NNDP)
National Council of Nigeria and
Cameroon (NCNC)
Nigeria Youth Movement (NYM)
The Action Group (AG)
The Northern People Congress (NPC)
Apart
from the first above listed political parties, there existed, United Middle
Belt Congress (UMBC) the National Independent Party (NIP) and the Northern
Element Progressive Union (NEPU). All the above listed parties had one major
objective which is to impact through awareness of the people of Nigeria and the
attainment of self government to also seek general welfare for the people of Nigeria
in order to promote democratic government and practices. Another remarkable
contribution was that of the political parties in the second republic which
stated after 1978 lift of ban on political parties were David Ejiyere first
real sense of democratic development in the nation as a federation.
These political parties are as
follows:
i.
The National People Party (NPP)
ii.
The Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)
iii.
The Nigeria Peoples Party (NPP)
These above listed parties were the
three major political parties in second republic while the minor parties that
existed than are:
i.
The Great Nigeria People’s Party
(GNPP)
ii.
The Nigeria Advance Party (NAP)
iii.
The Peoples Redemption Party (PRP)
There
is one clear purpose about those parties unlike that of the first republic to secure
positions for themselves with the use of electoral campaign, manifestoes and
touring of Nigeria of the national territories. during the pre-independence
time, the Nigeria political parties were accorded much responsibilities and
representatives in the national and political development within the country,
they were still able to come out forcefully in order to protect against the
inconsideration and mis-handling of the nations political process thereby
demanding for independence and self government spear headed by the first
republic political parties as a reaction against economic system which was
believe or clear to be operating against the communities.
Furthermore, in such area, there was a
continual mobilization of activist and various political parties moving the
motion of the military in politic in January 1966, in the first republic. The
military in their state ruled for so many years and at this point, we see the
military imposing ban on polities and political parties. Immediately, after
this, we experience the coming up of government policies formed by the military
to favour themselves in the past history from 1966 to the second republic.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The research problem
emanates from the statement and views of the previous Nigeria president that
the days of the “Military Coup d’état were gone for ever in Nigeria. That
democracy has come to stay. It is clear to all Nigeria there is no substitute
for democracy” said by Obasanjo (2007). The sixteen years of democratic
practice in nigeria has been tossed with plethora’s of problems. We had
witnessed incidences such as the order by president ‘yar Adua’ to close Channel
Television for allegedly informing the previous Vice president (Atiku Abubakar)
office by formal president ‘Obasanjo and the Gestoyoo removal of Mr. Auju Ogbe
as the chairman of the ruling party all within a democratic settings. it is very
instructive to state that good governance is the only panacea against military
(complete substitution of civil authority by military rule) where bad
governance is an initiation to it. the fact remains that militarized psyche is
a problem to democracy, and move disturbing is the fact that other Africa;
Africa countries such as Ghana had their own share of militarism yet has become
the democratic college of Africans.
Social environment
has been known to condition the behavioural dispositions of the individuals. The
social environment which has considerable impact on the psyche of Nigerians has
seen the long years of military rule. The militarized social culture been
displayed in the democratic dispensation is not unconnected with some of the
problem we are facing now.
from the point of
discussion, we can therefore, say that military were then the major dominant of
the nations political affairs before the third republic, although some
political scientist have argued that political parties in Nigeria were then more
involved in the nation’s affairs and at the same they also argued in response
to political parties corrupt native in electioneering, rigging and at the same
time they also argued in response to political parties have been given an equal
opportunity to participate and also prove their competence in handling the
nations political affairs.
The question is that
what could have been the motivating factor that propelled the political parties
into campaign and proposing for democracy.
Having a view of the
past political parties, it seems that the level of those political parties and
the way they participate in every period also seems to be different.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
objectives of the project report are to:-
i.
Consider the native of parties that
emerged in the second Republic and the conditions, regulation and the state of
their emergence.
ii.
Pursue the class configuration of the
native of the Nigeria power class brokers and its impact on the parties that
emerged.
iii.
Look at the politics that coloured the
party formation in the second Republic.
iv.
To examine the three party structures
presently in place and to predict for a multi-ethnic and diverse society like
Nigeria.
v.
To know how political parties and
democracy has really contribute positively to the development and
transformation of Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The participation of
Nigeria political parties through the period of the first republic and to the
fourth and its contribution to the development of democracy. For the above
fact, the hypotheses that would be used for analysis in this research are thus:
i.
Political parties in Nigeria are not
really doing fine to the level that is expected because of high rate of
corrupted, tribalism and also the immature and attitude of political parties.
ii.
The more people oriented a party
system, the more stability is experienced in the system.
iii.
Party politics is an instrument of
class denomination in a context of a poor majority and rich minority.
iv.
The military retarded the political
parties from active political participation to attain democratic development
because of the high level of intervention.
v.
Party registration limits the
participation of credible individuals and groups in political system, denying
popular rule.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project work is
significant because it is aimed at explaining the process of party formation
and registration in Nigeria, and why this has remained an herculean task.
Besides, it is to show that political party is one of the hallmarks of a good
democratic system. Most importantly, it is meant to show that government has
the right to form or create parties for the people, or rather, parties do not
die but mature, the bans and non-registration nonetheless.
1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical tools
of group theory will be suitable for this type of project work.
Group theory has to
do with the collectiveness of political parties which have to interact among
themselves and set down rules among themselves. Political parties in this study
will be taken as a collective responsibilities of various parties that existed
from (1922, the first republic till the fourth republic) within the political
parties to the group theory. Politics is a social activity which do not merely
involve the individual but also the entire entities.
According to Hague
and Harrop, they see political process as a group of people that comes together
collectively to influence the politics of the land and secure political power
to solve matters affecting them. We can therefore relate political parties with
political system because it is general towards the corporate interest of the
people.
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This
research work shall be historical, explanatory and descriptive in nature. The
date of analysis will be soured from secondary material such as Journals, Magazines,
Newspaper, Textbooks, Unpublished material and so on.
1.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
project work will be based on the party formation. This is to create an
incisive and in depth explanation of the rights and wrongs at that position
programme, while a comparative analysis that either truncated the developmental
principles in the Nigeria system.
This
research will also look at the military and the various impacts they have made
towards sustaining democratic policy in Nigeria. The research work will also look
at the relationship between the rules of law as one of the hallmarks of a good
democratic system.
1.9 CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS
For
the sake of proper clarification and for the avoidance of ambiguity, we shall
try to look at some of the concepts use in the research work.
A
PARTY is a body of persons that are united in a course.
Political is a process whereby the state or its affairs advice the state on how
to economize their theory of production, distribution of wealth boundaries.
POLITICAL
PARTY: is an organized group, of people who share
similar political opinions, principles, interests and beliefs with the aim of
gaining political power and governing the country.
DEMOCRACY:
is a system of government which gives periodic opportunity of the masses to choose
or elect their leaders. It is a system of government in which the majorities
have their way, while the minorities have theirs to say.
REFERENCES
Ake,
C. (2001 August 19). Nigeria Independent Tell Magazine Publishes.
Ahimed,
S.(2002). Democratic Government and the Challenges of Poverty, Peace and
Security in Nigeria lecture delivered by the formal A.U. Secretary-General on
third Democracy Day May 29th, Abuja: Nigeria.
Anyaele,
J. U. (2005) comprehensive Government for Senior Secondary Schools, Lagos: A
Johnson Publishers limited.
Anyim,
P.A. (2002) Democracy and Development in Nigeria. A text lecture delivered by
Rt. Hon (Dr.) Anyim Pius, Anyim, GCON former President of the Senate Federal
Republic of Nigeria at the 2nd “Development Centre Annual lecture”
on Thursday.
Bernard
Crick: The American Science of politics (Berkeley University of California
Press 1959).
The
Oxford Dictionary Vol. xii P. 618.
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES
This chapter dwells
on the origin and development of political party in Nigeria. Nigeria has little
or no democratic development because of frequent and constant intervention of
the military in the first, second and third republic. On this note, we can now
start with the first republican political party, their contributions and all
achievement in Nigeria Democratic Development.
THE
NIGERIA NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY (NNDP)
The
Nigeria National Democratic Party (NNDP) was regarded as the first political
party that was formed in Nigeria. The elective principle introduced by the
Clifford constitution of 1922 which allocated seats to Lagos gave rise to the
formation of NNDP in 1923. NNDP was led by Herbert Macaulay who was regarded as
the father of Nigeria Nationalism. The party was exclusively based in Lagos and
had no national coloration as its name claimed. It won all the three seats
election of 1923, 1928 and 1933. The party also won seats in the Lagos town
Council. NNDP dominated the politics of Lagos for about 15 years mainly because
it was the only formed political party.
The
political activities and campaign of NNDP were aided by a newspaper called
Lagos Daily News launched in 1925 which acted as an aim of the party.
THE
NIGERIA YOUTH MOVEMENT (NYM)
The
Nigeria Youth Movement (NYM) was formed in 1935 when the Lagos youth movement
established in 1935 by a group of young Nigerians led by Ernest Ikoli, Samuel
Akinsaya and Dr. J.C Vaughan, changed its name to the NYM which gave NNDP a
serious challenge in the control of political affairs of Lagos. The movement
acquired a National outlook and became the first authentic Nigeria Nationalist
Organization to be formed. Obafemi Awolowo and Samuel Akintola were other
prominent members of the movement which was also open to all Nigerians
especially those resident in Lagos.
AIMS
OF THE NIGERIA YOUTH MOVEMENT
i.
To fight for the improvement of the
status of Yaba Higher College by getting it affiliated to any British
university
ii.
To seek a change in the policy of recruitment
into the civil service so that civil servant will not be filled only by white
officials.
iii.
To gain independence for Nigeria.
THE
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NIGERIA AND CAMEROON (NCNC)
The
National council of Nigeria and Cameroon was formed in August 1944. It was
named National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroon and later re-named the
National Convention of Nigeria citizens in 1960 when the Cameroonians broke
away from Nigeria. The NCNC was the first Nigerian political party to be
organized to seek total independence for Nigeria. Herbert Macaulay was the
first leader and president of NCNC and Dr. Azikiwe became the president of the
party after death of Macaulay in 1946.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVE OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NIGERIA AND CAMEROON (NCNC)
i.
To achieve self government for Nigeria
ii.
To spread political education to the
people
iii.
To arouse the political consciousness
of the masses
iv.
To establish a platform as a medium of
expression in order to achieve social equality, economic security, religious
tolerance.
THE
ACTION GROUP (AG)
The
Action Group (AG) was formed in March 1951 through the conversion of Egbe Omo
Oduduwa a youth Cultural organization founded in 1945 in London by some Yoruba
students studying there. Late Chief Obafemi Awolowo was the founder and leader
of Action Group. Other prominent members of the party were Chief Bode Thomas,
S.L Akintola, Rewane, Chief Shonibare, Yoruba traditional rulers including the
late Ooni of Ife, Sir Adesoji Aderemi.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVE OF ACTION GROUP
i.
To contest and win elections and
control western region
ii.
To challenge the political dominance
of the NCNC.
iii.
To co-operate and work with other
nationalist towards the achievement of immediate self-government for Nigeria.
iv.
To co-operate and strengthen or tribal
organizations in the Western region.
THE
NORTHERN PEOPLE’S CONGRESS (NPC)
The
Northern people’s Congress (NPC) was founded in October 1951. NPC metamorphosed
from the Northern cultural organization known as Jani Iyyar Mutanan Arewa
founded in December 1949.
The
party was dominated by the Hausa-Fubni and its roots were on the Muslims region
of Islam. Its leaders were later Sir Alhaji Ahmadu Bello, the Saradauna of
Sokoto, and a powerful spiritual and traditional leader. There was a
disagreement within the leadership of the organization which leads to the
breaking away of the Kano contingent and the formation which late led to by the
dissidents of the Northern Element progressive Union. On the 5th of
August, 1950 and September 1951, N.E. P.U contested and led the primaries in
Kano, Jos, Zaria, Maiduguri, Kaduna and Ngwa.
The
Northern people’s congress (NPC) was financed by its members and sales of party
publication. Right from its foundation, it was a prominent party till independence.
Despite its wining in the majority House of Assembly, it also won majority in
the federal parliament.
THE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF NPC
i.
The first Nigeria prime minister
emerged from NPC in 1959.
ii.
The party represented northern region
in all the constitutional conferences.
iii.
It fostered co-operation and understanding
amongst the Northerners.
iv.
The party controlled the federal
government until 1966 when the army took over the government.
2.1 POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC IN
NIGERIA
The
military who brought the first republic to its demise through the January 15,
1966 coup dominated the political scene from the day of the coup to October 1,
1979 when they handed over power to democratically elected civilians when the
ban placed on party politics was lifted in September 1948, there was rat race
for formation of political associations. The propensity to form and own a political party in line with the native
of multi-party system led to the formation of as many as fifty-two(52)
political associations including movement of the people (M.O.P) formed by the
one and only Fela Anikulapa Kuti. Of these 52 political associations, the Federal
Electoral Commission (FEDECO) registered only five as political parties that
contested the 1979 general elections.
The registered political parties were:
i.
The National Party of Nigeria (NPN).
ii.
The Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN)
iii.
The Nigeria People’s Party (NPP)
iv.
The People’s Redemption Party (PRP)…
An additional one political party was registered in 1982 there by bringing the
total number of political parties that contested the 1983 general elections to
six.
The
NPN was officially launched in September 1978 in Lagos after the lifting of ban
on party politics. It came into existence as a merger of different social
clubs, tribal unions, associations, solidarity front, committees of friends,
etc.
It
promised to provide food for the people by making agriculture a base of the
economy. Some of the aims are;
AIMS
OF THE NATIONAL PARTY OF NIGERIA (NPN)
i.
Provision of shelter of the people of
Nigeria.
ii.
Provision of free qualitative
education from primary to university level.
iii.
Dedication or realization of great
improvement in the general prosperity and welfare of rural dwellers.
iv.
Continuous supply of health services
through various training programs.
The National
Committee of friend announced the formation of unity party of Nigeria after the
lift of ban in politics in September 1978, membership from all parts of the
federation. It comprises of the old politicians and the new politician. Most
members of the committee of friends were mainly members of the defunct Action
Group.
The National founds
was chief Obafei Awolowo who was the leader of UPN other prominent
personalities of the party included Chief Adekunle Ajasin, Alhayi Lafeef Jakande,
Chief Bola Ige, Chief Bisi Onabanjo, Professor Ambrose Alli, Chief Phillip
Unieadi, Chief S.M. Afolabi, Chief Olawoyi etc.
THE
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF UPN
i.
Free and compulsory education at
primary to university level.
ii.
Provision of more food to millions of
Nigeria to prevent migration from rural to urban areas.
iii.
Full employment for all able bodied
Nigerians.
iv.
Free health services for all citizens
of Nigeria.
NIGERIA
PEOPLE PARTY
It was formed in
Lagos in September 1978 and its formation was announced by Alhaji Ibrahim
Waziri, it grew out from social association like the club 19, National Union
Congress e.t.c. After its formation, there was a disagreement which made Alhaji
Ibrahim Waziri and his supporters to form the Great Nigeria Peoples Party
(G.N.P.P).
Chief Adeniran
Ogunsanya was the leader of the (N.P.N) and became the national chairman of the
party. Other members were Alhaji Yusuf, Chief J. Edewor, Dr Obi Wali e.t.c.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF NPP
i.
To promote and sustain the unity of
Nigeria, uphold her territorial integrity and defend the independence and
sovereignty.
ii.
To work towards full employment for
all Nigerians and to promote economic, social and political equality of all
sections of the country.
iii.
To work for a secular state that
upholds democracy, rule of law and guarantees fundamental human right.
iv.
To work towards feeding and sheltering
citizens of Nigeria.
2.2 POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE THIRD REPUBLIC
To
usher in the ill-fated third republic in Nigeria, the Armed forces ruling
council under General Ibrahim Babangida promulgated the transition to civil
Rule Decree through which two political parties were registered in accordance
with the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, 1989. Thus, for the
first time ever, Nigeria had a constitutional two party system. The two
political parties’ constitutions, objectives policies and programmes were set
up by the military government. As a result of this development, the structure
and objective of the political parties were similar. The two registered
political parties were the National Republican Convention (NRC) and Social
Democratic Party (SDP).
NATIONAL
REPUBLICAN CONVENTION (NRC)
The political party
was registered through the approval of the Armed forces Ruling Council with
Chief Tony Anenih as its national chairman. It had its registered offices at
the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, all the state capitals, majority of all
local Government Head Quarters, the Abuja Area Councils in all wards in the
Federation.
AIMS
OF THE NRC
i.
Pursue the economic, political,
social, educational and other objectives as well as the directive principles
and policies.
ii.
To sponsor candidates for elections
into elected offices from the local government council levels ot the
presidential level.
iii.
To undertake other activities which in
the opinion of the party are ancillary, incidental or conducive to the
promotion of the aforementioned aims and objectives.
SOCIAL
DEMOCRATIC PARTY (SDP)
It was one of the
registered party existed at the third republic. This party won many states at
the gubernatorial election that is more governors were used by this third party
unlike the National Republican Convention that won few states. It was the Social
Democratic Party that produces the president during the presidential election
under this party was Chief M.K.O. Abiola. Although the military failed to hand
over power to the elected president and the election was annulled.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SDP
i.
To promote participatory Democracy at
all levels of government.
ii.
To sponsor candidates for elections at
all levels of government.
iii.
To attain political power through democratic
and constitutional means.
iv.
To undertake other activities which in
the opinion of the party are ancillary, incidental in conduce to the promotion
of the aforementioned aims and objectives.
2.3 POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC IN
NIGERIA
In the preparation of Nigeria for the fourth
Republic as it advances into the twenty first century, three political parties
were registered by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). In
1998 among several political associations that struggled for registration as
political parties, the names of the registered parties were the Alliance for
Democracy (AD)., All People’s Party (APP)., which in 2002 changed its name to
All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP), The People Democratic Party (PDP).
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ALLIANCE FOR DEMOCRACY (AD)
i.
To attain political power through legitimate
democratic and constitutional means.
ii.
To promote unity and political
stability in Nigeria.
iii.
To uphold and defend the constitution
of the Federal republic of Nigeria and other laws in the federation.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF ALL PEOPLES PARTY
i.
To institutionalize, maintain and
foster representative democracy and the strict observance of the rule of law.
ii.
To promote social, political and
economic freedoms and the general welfare of the people
iii.
To be the light and vanguard of the
entire people of Nigeria.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PEOPLE DEMOCRATIC PARTY (PDP)
i.
To promote and preserve the integrity,
unity and sovereignty of Nigeria as the indivisible political entity.
ii.
To uphold the independence of the
judiciary, free press, as well as freedom of speech and association.
iii.
To eradicate illiteracy in our society
and promote learning, research and technology.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF ACTION CONGRESS OF NIGERIA (ACN)
i.
To uphold and defend the constitution
of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and other laws in the federation.
ii.
The attainment of political power
through legitimate democratic and constitutional means for the purpose of
cultivating an egalitarian, freedom and social justice.
iii.
To provide a purposeful and integrity
drive leadership for Nigerians.
iv.
To promote unity and political
stability by ensuring access to power and key public offices by all sections of
the country.
2.4 THE BIRTH OF ALL PEOPLE CONGRESS (APC)
On Saturday May 11,
2013 both All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP) and the Congress for Progressive
Change (CPC), scheduled to hold their conventions aimed at securing the
approval of members of the two parties to join the merger process for the
formation of the All Progressive Congress (APC). Already, on Thursday, April
10, 2013 the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), has successfully held its merger
convention and obtained the approval of it’s member to merge with other
opposition parties including the ANPP and CPC to form APC.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIIVES OF ALL PEOPLE CONGRESS (APC)
i.
Rapid technological advancement and
industrialization.
ii.
Free and affordable education
iii.
To advance the best interest of
Nigeria through correcting the lapses in polity identified since 1999.
iv.
To eradicate poverty and corruption.
v.
Affordable health care.
vi.
Free job opportunities and
agricultural development.
Anyaele,
J.U. (2005)., “Comprehensive Government for senior secondary school Lagos” A
Johnson Publishers Limited.
Appadorai
S. (1975) “The substance of Politics” (11th edition). Oxford
University Press.
C.
Ademolakun A. “Public Administration” A Nigeria Perspective.
Liesami,
Book “Political Parties in the First and Second Republic” page 36.
Liesami,
Government and Political Parties from page 108.
Odeh,
L.E (2010)., “Analysis of factor Inhibiting Democracy and Democratization in
Nigeria, Department of History and Archaeology”.
Omoriose,
W. 92006)., “The Nigeria popular novel: Medium for National Interpretation”.
Osaghae,
E.E (1995)., “Ethnicity in Africa or African Ethnicity. Africa Perspective in
Development.
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT
AND THE RULE OF LAW
Political parties
have been a major weapon for the propagation of democratic principles in Nigeria
and to bring into light the past activities of electoral process in Nigeria
political scene till 1983. We shall also look at the Rule of Law and how
Democratic Development was obtained.
3.1 THE RULE OF LAW, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
Democracy and rule of
law are inseparable and interwoven. Without the rule of law, democracy becomes
toothless bull dog that barks without bitting. Anyaele (2005), stated that, the
rule of law is the absolute supremacy or predominance of law over everybody,
both the rulers and the ruled and all decisions taking in a country.
According to Professor
A.V Dicey, a Briton and also a professor of English law in 1885, he developed
and popularized the phrase Rule of Law in his Book entitled introduction to the
Law of the Constitution. Professor AV. Dicey stated three concepts or
principles of the Rule of Law. They are equality before the law, impartiality
and supremacy of the law, and also the individual’s liberty which is popularly
referred to as the fundamental human right.
Any society that does
not guarantee individual freedom in her constitution and not mere expression of
it is very far from democracy. Conversely, democracy is a value laden concept.
On this note, we
shall look at the various elections we have had from 1964 to 1983.
3.2 GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1964
In readiness for the
election, all the political parties in the country polarized into two gigantic
alliances. The NCNC was left to AG and the Northern Progressive Front (NPF)
made up of NEPU and the United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) joined together to
form the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA). Under the Leadership of Dr.
M.I Okpara in June 3, 1964 on August 20, 1964, the NPC, NNDP, the Mid-Western
Democratic front (MDF). The Niger Delta Congress (NDC) and the Dynamic Party
formed the Nigeria National Alliance (NNA). Under the leadership of the Premier
of Northern region Sir Ahmadu Bello.
As the electioneering
campaign commenced all sorts of crude and obnoxious methods were employed as
campaign strategies. Irregular methods of nominating candidates for the
election were alleged when the Federal Electoral Commission declared the
nomination of candidates open.
On December 24, 1964
the UPGA sent a delegation with a protest letter to the president Dr. Nnamdi
Azikiwe to register their protest about the irregularities and threatened to
boycott the general elections if the anomalies were not rectified. They also
implored the president to call the Federal Electoral Commission to order three
members of electoral commission to resign from the commission as a result of
the alleged irregular ties. They urged the prime minister, Dr Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa to postpone the election but the prime minster rejected the idea and
this led to the disagreement between them.
When the election
started on December 30, 1964 as scheduled, the UPGA boycotted it. While voting
did not take place in the Eastern Region, polling took place in the Northern
and Western Region and only in one ward in Lagos. When the votes were counted,
the NNA won a comfortable margin of seats. The president declared on January 1st,
1965 that he found in awkward to exercise this constitutional duty of calling
on the winning party leader to form a new government. There was a deadlock and
for three days there was no government at the federal level. This forced some
prominent Nigeria like the Chief justice of the Federation to intervene.
3.3 WESTERN NIGERIA ELECTION OF 1965
The formation of a
broad based National Government after the federal election reduced the
acrimonious rivalry between UPGA and NFA at the federal level but shifted the
battle field to western region. In western region, AG represented UPGA while
NNDP typified NNA. Since none of AG members was included in the cabinet of the
so called National Government members of AG therefore saw the 1965 elections in
Western Region as an opportunity to get what they lost at the federal level. It
therefore became clear that the election was going to be a do or die affair
because both UPGA and NNA regarded it as crucial.
Before the election
NNDP the party in power in Western region passed several electoral bills banned
holding of public meetings and imposed a curfew on certain parts of the region
and these actions taken by NNDP controlled government were detrimental to their
immediate rivals the UPGA members. When the nomination of candidates stated
after the dissolution of the Western House of Assembly those irregularities
that featured at the federal elections reared their ugly heads again. It was
alleged that UPGA candidates were prevented from collecting nomination forms
and in some cases the electoral officers deserted this place of work in order
to avoid receiving nomination papers from UPGA candidates. Even in some
constituencies where UPGA candidates were able to file their nomination papers,
they returned NNDP candidates unopposed. The electioneering campaigns were also
characterized by act of thuggery, hooliganism, hilling, arson and short
looting.
The petitioner,
Alhaji D.S. Adebanjo who was the leader of UPGA in region sent to the Governor
Sir Oleleye Fadahunsi about the mal practices did not yield any dividend. The
election which took place on October 11, 1965 in a tender atmosphere was
characterized by many electoral malpractices such as smuggling of ballot papers
into ballot boxes banning opponents boxes and unfair counting of votes, it was
announced that NNDP won 88th out of the 98 seats contested. In a counter
reaction, Alhaji Adegbenro summoned a press conference at Ibadan in the house
of jailed Chief Awolowo in which he announced that UPGA won 68 out of the 98th
seats. He pronounced himself the premier of the region and appointed eight
ministers of his cabinet. With two different governments in the same region the
stage was therefore set for a serious political crisis. At last Chief Adegbenro
was arrested. As a result of all these heavens were let loose for violent and
complete breakdown of law and order in the western reform. It was reported that
about down while the newly Sworn-premier took to his clean heels and went into
hiding. The political cataclysm in the region which gave rise to the famous
“operation weti” which could not be quelled, continued until the January 15,
1966 coup d’état that put it to a stop.
3.4 GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1979
The 1979 general election marked the beginning
of the second Republic of Nigeria’s political system. It was unique because it
took place under the newly introduced presidential system of government. The
election ushered in Nigeria’s second republic after thirteen solid years of
military intervention, the military are under this period were keen the return
to democracy. This is the first executive president governor and other
functionaries prior to the federal electoral commission (FEDECO). Head by Chief
Michael Ani registered five political parties was lifted.
The
five registered political parties are the National Party of Nigeria (NPC)
United Party of Nigeria (NPN), Nigeria People’s Party (NPP), Great Nigeria
People’s Party (GNPP). The chairman of the NPN was Chief A.M Akinloye while
Alhaji Shehu Shagari was his presidential candidates Chief Obafemi Awolowo was
the national leader and presidential candidates of UPN. The NPP has chief
Adeniran Ogunsanya and Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. As it’s chairman and presidential
candidates of GNPP and PRP respectively. Five different elections took place
between July 7 and August 18, 1979 on different five Saturdays.
The
senate election was scheduled to take place on 7 July, the July 14 was the day
of the House of Representatives while July 21 was for state Assemblies. July 28
was for Governorship, then August 4 was for run off election, if applicable
August 11 was for presidential elections.
In
the election into the senate out of a total of 95 seats NPN won 36, UPN 29 NPP
16 GNPP 8 and PRP 7. In the House of Representative elections of the 449 seats
NPN won 168, UPN 111, NPP 7, PRP 49 and GNPP 43. Of the total 13,444 seats
allocated to the state Assemblies, NPN collected 487 seats UPN 333, NPP 227,
GNPP 156 and PRP 144. When the gubernatorial election for 19 states, NPN 7, UPN
5 NPP 3, GNPP 2 and PRP 2. The most controversial election of all the elections
that were held in 1979 was the presidential election. The controversy arose as
a result of the fact that none of the candidates was able to win 25% two-thirds
of the states of the federation. Alhaji Shehu Shagari who was eventually
declared the winner won 25% of the votes cast in 12 states of the federation.
The mathematical riddle that arose was what should be 2/3 of 19. The NPN
formula of 12 2/3 was declared winner. Chief Awolowo who came second took the
matter to the presidential Election Tribunal headed by Justice B.O. Kazeem and
later to the supreme court presided over by the then Chief Justice of the
Federation justice Atanda Williams and all declared that the election of Alhaji
shagari was in order.
3.5 THE STATISCAL VIEW OF 1979 ELECTION RESULT
ELECTIONS
|
SEATS
|
NPN
|
UPN
|
NPP
|
GNPP
|
PRP
|
SENATE
|
95
|
36
|
28
|
16
|
8
|
7
|
HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVE
|
449
|
168
|
111
|
78
|
43
|
49
|
STATE
ASSEMBLIES
|
1,347
|
487
|
333
|
227
|
156
|
144
|
GUBERNATORIAL
|
19
|
7
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
PRESIDENT
|
1
|
WINNER
|
3.6 GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1983
The general elections
of 1983 in Nigeria were of historical importance to the country. In the first
place, unlike the 1979 elections that were conducted under the watchful eyes of
the military, the 1983 election was the first to be organized and held solely
by the civilians after the 15 years of military rule. It was the 1883 elections
that ushered in the military once again into our political system. Before the
elections were held, the FEDECO chaired by justice Ovie Whisky registered one
more political party the Nigeria Advance party (NAP) formed by a Lagos Lawyer
Mr. Tunji Braith Waote, thereby making the parties to be six. All the five
political parties that contested the 1979 elections did not make much changes
in the candidates yielded for the 1983 elections for instance, all the
presidential candidates that contested the 1979 election also featured in 1983
election except PRP in which Alhaji Hassan Yusuf replaced Mallam Aminu Kano who
died before 1983 general elections.
As
a strategy to win more states and more seats in the federal and state
Assemblies NPN controlled federal government reserved the 1979 arrangement of
the elections came in the following order; Presidential, Gubernatorial, Senatorial,
House of Representatives and State House of Assembly elections. Also, votes
were counted at the various polling booths in 1983 elections started on August
6, 1985 with the presidential elections and gubernatorial elections which took
place in August 11, 1983 and so on. The NPN presidential candidate, Alhaji
Shehu Shagari was declared the winner of the presidential election in the face
of allegations of rigging. The most controversial of all the election was the
gubernatorial election in which NPN was said to have won 10 states. The large scale
rigging that characterized the elections sparked off violent rioting, arson,
hooliganism, looting etc reversed the Ondo State gubernatorial election result,
what happened when NPN candidate was declared the winner was reminiscent of the
1965 Western Regional Election episode.
The
election was other way round when compared with the 1979 election. It was
conducted in the following order.
i.
Presidential Election
ii.
Gubernatorial Election
iii.
Senatorial Election
iv.
House of Representatives Election
v.
State House of Assembly Election.
3.7 ISSUES
IN DEMOCRATIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Nigeria’s match to
constitutional civilian rule has so far been a tortuous adventure,
characterized by moments of hope raised and hope dashed. The democratization
processes that ushered in the fledging fourth republic were particularly
daunting. It could be said to have effectively begun with the setting up of the
political Bureau in 1986 by the General Babangida regime. Reputed as the most
ambitious imaginative, complex and expensive transition in the world, it
however ended in fiasco with the tragic and arrogant annulment of the June 12,
1993 presidential election omotola, 2007)…
The sudden death of
General Abacha in June 8, 1998 however paved the way for the emergence of
General Abdulsalami Abubakar as the Head of states. The basic concern of the
regime would appear to be a successful transition to a democratically elected
government within the shortest possible time. The emergence of a democratic
Nigeria is May 1999 ended 16 years of Consecutive Military Rule. This fourth
republic was anchored on the 1999 constitution, whose features were not
substantially different from the 1979 constitution. Obasanjo, a former general
took over the leadership of a country as a president that faced many problems
including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military
that wanted a reward returning quietly to the barracks (Nwalonue and Ojukwu
2010)…
Since the Nigerian
State Returned to democratic governance in 1999, during the era of what Samuel
Huntington (1997), called the third wave of democratization, the nature of the
democratic project has been of an intense debate in various circles.
In Nigeria, democracy
has been restored for over a decade’s age, which so much hopes and expectations
by the people for instance, it is assumed that with democracy, people would be
free to choose their leaders and representatives and hold them accountable for
the overall objectives of fast tracking development and improving general
considering that Nigeria has abundant human and Natural resources. However, the
reality on ground has shown that this expectation is yet to be realized
(Okafor, 2011).
It is hardly
surprising that the various attempts at democratization have failed abysinally.
The reason for the continued failure is not far to seek. One basic problem has
remounted unsolved right from the drafting of the first constitution in 1922.
This is the problem of integration (Onoriose, 2006)… This problem appears to have
bifurcated and continue to multiply in different trajectories with the effect
that the plethora of problems associated with disunity continues to manifest as
insurmountable impediments to true democracy.
In his analysis of
the inability of democracy in Nigeria to bring about expected level of
development, Agagu (2004). Stated that; the failure of democracy to engender
development is therefore inextricable tied up to the tenure of the Nigeria
state whose origin and initial goal was not to pay any attention to the
problems of the subject, but to exploit one people and their resources to serve
the goal of the metropolis. In other words, it had never been inclusive. This was
later reinforced by the nature of political elites that emerged and whose goal
was self serving at the detriment of the masses and even the state. The elites
did not see any reason to change the focus of the state, since the dictative
nature of the state, as it were at independence was appropriate for them to
save their own purpose. The type of democracy operating in Nigeria inhibits or
hinders development with a confusion of purpose and interest and with policies
full of ambiguities and contradictions. It is not that we could not find
suitable notions of development or ways to apply them to our experience.
What appears as
deranging evidence for Nigeria’s democracy is the failure of democracy to meet
the materials aspirations of the Nigeria people alongside evidence of tension
in the polity among the different levels and branches of government as well as
the various constituent elements of the Nigerian federation.
3.8 THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 2011
A presidential
election was held in Nigeria on 16 April 2011, postponed from 19th
April 2011. The election follows controversy as to whether a Muslim or Christian
should be allowed to become president given the tradition of rotating the top
office between the religious following the death of Umaru Yar’ Adua who was a Muslim
and Goodluck Jonathan a Christian, assuming the interim presidency.
Following the election widespread
which took place in the Northern parts of the country Goodluck Jonathan was
declared the winner of the 19th April
REFERENCE
Adedoji, A. (1997).
“Popular participation, Democracy and Development”.
Agagu, A.A (2004).
“The Nigeria State, Democracy and Development”. A Hope Betrayed? In Agagu AA
and Ola R.F (eds) Development Agenda of the Nigeria state, Ibadan Fiag Nigeria
publishers.
C. Okadigbo “Power
and Leadership in Nupens Enugu, Furth Dimension Publishers, 1987, page 170.
Ifeanacho, M.I and
Mwagwu J. (2009). Democratization and National Integration in Nigeria. Research
Journal of International Studies.
L. Ademolahun:
Publisher Administration: A Nigeria and Comparative Perspective, London
Macmillian 1983 page 1.
Nwabueze, B. (1993),
“Democratization”. Ibadan Spectrum Books Ltd.
Omotala J.S. (2006).
“No Democracy, No Development” or Vice Versa. In Saliu, H.A et al (eds), Democracy and Development in Nigeria. Lagos
Concept publishers.
Omotola J.S. (2011).
“Godfathers and he 2011 Presidential Election”.
CHAPTER
FOUR
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 SUMMARY
From the beginning of
the write ups, we have highlighted continuously, resounding and convincing view
in activities of Nigeria political parties and democratic development and also
their involvement in politics. It means that political parties have always been
politically active despite military constants intervention.
It would be an
understatement to say and hold the notion that political parties have not
contributed towards Nigeria’s democratic development. It was true, once upon a
time after the first republic parties were opposed and relegated to the
background, both in politics and other areas. But as time went on, they
struggled to overcome this suppression and gradually they began to free
themselves from been prevented in take put in politics also regulating then
selves in confidence.
The military also
ruled out the activities of political parties and political processes in the
nation, but this does totally declare political parties and their struggle for
democracy up productive, for political parties were the first to introduce and
promulgate the struggle for independence.
Political parties
were discriminated against and hindered from active politics because they were
in no way cut off from such sensitive aspect of the society. They also had this
propelling force to fight for what is right and basically for self government
and full participation in political activities, of the nation despite the
presence of their colonial counter part. After a short period, the Nigeria society
changes with a new constitution which was the independence period political
culture which democratic activist in government top raining position.
However, the various
level and extent of political participation varies in the various periods of Nigeria
politics. It would be observed that the early period of political Parties involvement
was very dynamic.
This followed by a
more liberal and dynamic participation of the military which recorded a
complete absence of political parties from politics. It can be traced to the
January 15th 1966 establishment of the Military government headed by
Aguiyi Ironsi. The government only lasted for six months when on July 29th
1966 another set of Military junta launched a counter coup and another followed
between 1975 and 1976, during this period there was a complete ban on political
parties from politics.
Despite the
predication of failure based on various reasons among which was inability to
withstand and survive the strains of the military political parties participation
in the nations affair.
This
research reflects that indeed at some historical period of Nigeria political
development the political parties has been deliberately cut off and laid aside.
On the other hand, political parties have been relegated to the background and
this deprived of a rightful participation role within the political process
which equally affect and concerns them mostly as the catalyst to a true and
fair achievement of democracy.
Without any doubt, the flatering of
democratization in Nigeria may be attributed to the fact that it is enmeshed so
much in the society as it failed in its entirely to pay attention to Nigeria
legalities and peculiarities. This point has been well stressed that
development of democratic institution can only be accomplished by Nigeria
themselves, and only when the social foundations are at least some what
conclusive. The principles of democracy are the some all the world but the
component parts at each society are peculiar. As a result the conditions that
make democracy and legislative efficiency possible in one society may
constitute a hindrance in another. The leaders and citizens must encourage and
show respect for cultural differences whine at the same time encouraging the
diverse population to work for common goals (Nwalonwue Ojukwu, (2012).
The process of consolidating democracy
in Nigeria must guarantee a synergy between the government and the governed.
There is an urgent need to re-invent and reposition the wheel of democracy on
our polity. The trend in the world is towards sustaining democracy. Our
democratic agenda as observed by Kolawole (2004). Must of necessity aim at
evolving, guaranteeing and sustaining on enduring democracy, for democracy to have
any meaning, government must be accountable to the people, not only for the
resources they received and spend but for the very polices they formulated and
executed, if there is so much faith in democracy it is because of the belief
that democratic political processes will make the state perform better, curb
corruption, rationally allocated resources and secure for the individuals a
dignified place within the civil society.
It has been proven
that, military factors among other factors such as colonial Education,
disunity, cultural, lack of encouragements and so on, have prevented against
political parties involvement and active participation in politics. The most
hindering of all is the prohibition of political Parties participation in
matter concerning the society by the military and this reinforced and
encourages other factors.
Central
to the resolution of the challenges of democratization in Nigeria is the
mobilization of the citizenry. The starting point would be the empowerment of
the cases in terms of qualitative basic needs (food, shelter, and clothing).,
education and served access to health care its central focus must be to
decolonize the mind of Nigerians both the power elite and the ruled alive,
while stressing the fact that development is more feasible when situated within
the framework at the cultural milieu. The mass media, civil society
organizations and indeed all and sundry have a responsibility in this
challenge.
4.3 RECOMMENDATION
It is however very
necessary to note that the role played by Nigeria political parties in polities
is not enough compare to their military counter part and even parties. In fact,
political parties need to be more dynamic in theirs response to policies so as
not to be disowned by the military.
Some hindering
factors have earlier been identified and these have adversely affected Parties political
stands in Nigeria. Such factors need to be tackled.
First and foremost,
the entire society should encourage political parties lather than discouraging
them. Such social factors are cultural, religious and traditional beliefs and
ethnic diversity amongst of its geographical background in every level of the
country political process thus allowing for a healthy participation for all and
sundry and to know how to conduct themselves in order to achieve a good
democratic development.
Parties should unite,
since it has been observed that, disunity exist amongst political parties.
Political parties
should be ascetic or centering themselves to political ends, and more
undertaken for fruitful returns and such a successful achievement is a product
of high political consciousness, articulation and participation.
In order to attain
socio-cultural and economic development, the doctrines of the Rule of Law must
be adopted in our system of government that is to say that, each government
official must be accountable and responsible to their various duties.
Finally, the military
should be relegated to the barracks, which is more defensive measure with in
the territorial area of the nation and not to fight for political position in
government.
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S. (1975). “The substance of politics” (11th Edition). Oxford
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A public Administration Nigeria
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The
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